Finnish Researchers' Xylitol-Related Studies 

Publications By Year

1971

Paunio, K.U., Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1971. Aminopeptidase B in human gingival exudate as affected by reduced oral hygiene and sugar diet. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 29:583-590.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1971. The effect of the consumption of various sugars on the activity of plaque and salivary enzymes. International Dental Journal 21:331-339.

Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1971. The effect of various sugars on the formation and chemical composition of dental plaque. International Dental Journal 21:302-321.
 

1972

Knuuttila, M.L.E. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1972. Effect of maltose on polysaccharide synthesis by a cariogenic streptococcus. Journal of Dental Research 51:674.

Larmas, M., Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1972. Studies on dog saliva. IV. The effect of carbohydrate diet on the activity of some hydrolytic enzymes. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 30:629-641.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1972. Erilaisten sokeridieettien vaikutus hammasplakin ja suunesteen koostumukseen ja kemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin. (In Finnish). (The effect of different sugar diets on the composition and chemical properties of dental plaque and oral fluid.) Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 68:98-104. Also published in Kuspi (in Finnish), Vol. 10, No. 4, 1971, and in Tandläkartidningen (in Swedish), Vol. 64, No. 6, 1972.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1972. Sakkaroosin, glukoosin, fruktoosin ja ksylitolin vaikutus hammasplakin koostumukseen ja biokemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin (In Finnish). (The effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose and xylitol on the composition and biochemical properties of dental plaque). Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 68: 91-97. Also published in Kuspi, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1971.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1972. The effect of various sugars and sugar mixtures on the activity and formation of enzymes of dental plaque and oral fluid. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 30:259-275.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1972. The role of sucrose and other sugars in the development of dental caries. International Dental Journal 22:363-386.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1972. Enzyme dynamics of a cariogenic streptococcus: The effect of xylitol and sorbitol. Journal of Dental Research 51:403-408.

Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1972. Effect of sugars and sugar mixtures on dental plaque. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 30:235-257.
 

1973

Paunio, K.U., Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1973. The content of arginine aminopeptidases, hexosamine and uronic acid sugars in gingival exudate as affected by short-term sugar diets. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 31:71-74.

Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1973. Oral effects of the consumption of various sugars. Proceedings of the American Institute of Oral Biology 106-113.
 

1974

Aminoff, C. 1974. New carbohydrate sweeteners. In "Sugars in Nutrition" (ed. by Sipple, H.L. and Mc Nutt, K.W.). Academic Press, New York, pp. 135-142.

Gehring, F., Mäkinen, K.K., Larmas, M. and Scheinin, A. 1974. Turku sugar studies. IV. An intermediate report on the differentiation of polysaccharide-forming streptococci (S. mutans) Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 32:435-444.

Larmas, M., Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1974. Turku sugar studies. III. An intermediate report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the numbers of salivary lactobacilli, candida and streptococci. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 32:423-433.

Mäkinen, K. 1974. Sugars and the formation of dental plaque. In "Sugars in Nutrition" (ed. by Sipple, H.L. and Mc Nutt, K.W.). Academic Press, New York, pp 645-687).

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1974. Turku sugar studies. II. Preliminary biochemical and general findings. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 32:413-421.

Scheinin, A., Mäkinen, K.K. and Ylitalo, K. 1974. Turku sugar studies. I. An intermediate report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the caries incidence in man. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 32:383-412.
 

1975

Gehring, F., Mäkinen, K.K., Larmas, M. and Scheinin A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. X. Occurrence of polysaccharide-forming streptococci and ability of mixed plaque microbiota to ferment various carbohydrates. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:223-237.

Huttunen, J.K., Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XI. Effects of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on glucose, lipid and urate metabolism. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:247-263.

Knuuttila, M.L.E. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1975. Effect of xylitol on the growth and metabolism of Streptococcus mutans. Caries Research 9:177-189.

Larmas, M., Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. VIII. Principal microbiological findings. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70., 33:173-216.

Larmas, M., Scheinin, A. Gehring, F. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XX. Microbiological findings and plaque index values in relation to 1-year use of xylitol chewing gum. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:321-336.

Luostarinen, V., Paunio, K., Varrela, J., Rekola, M., Luoma, S., Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XV. Vascular reactions in the hamster cheek pouch to human gingival exudate. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:287-291.

Mouton, C., Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1975. Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing gum. A pilot study. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 33:27-31.

Mouton, C., Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1975. Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing gum. A clinical and biochemical study. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 33:33-40.

Mouton, C., Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1975. Effect of a xylitol chewing gum on plaque quantity and quality. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 33:251-257.

Mäkinen, K.K., Läikkö, I. Scheinin, A. and Paunio, K.U. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XVII. The activity of glycosidases in oral fluids and plaque. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:297-306.

Mäkinen, K.K., Lönnberg, P. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XIV. Amino acid analysis of saliva. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:277-286.

Mäkinen, K.K., Mielityinen, H. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XVI. Disc electrophoresis of serum. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:293-295.

Mäkinen, K.K., Ojanotko, A. and Vidgren, H. 1975. Effect of xylitol on the growth of Candida albicans. Journal of Dental Research 54:1239.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Rekola, M. 1975. Comparison between sucrose and lactulose in a suspended salivary system. Journal of Dental Research 54:1244.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XIII. Effect of the diet on certain clinico-chemical values of serum. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:265-276.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Eräiden ravinnossa esiintyvien sokerien välistä vertailua (in Finnish) (Comparison of the dental aspects of some dietary sugars). Journal of the Finnish Dental Association 21:1126-1143, 1974. The same has been published in Swedish (Tandläkartidningen 67 I:8-20, 1975, and Odontologiska Samfundet i Finland, Årsbok , 49-71, 1975), in French (Le Chirurgien-Dentiste de France 14 mai 1975, 51-55), and in German and English through the Information Service of F. Hoffman-La Roche and Company AG, Basel, 1975.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. VI. The administration of the trial and the control of the dietary regimen. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33: 105-127.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. VII. Principle biochemical findings of whole saliva and plaque. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:129-171.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XIX. Salivary peroxidase and invertase-like activity in relation to 1-year use of sucrose and xylitol chewing gum. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70., 33:317-320.

Mäkinen, K.K., Tenovuo, J. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XII. The effect of the diet on oral peroxidases, redox potential and the concentration of ionized fluorine, iodine and thiocyanate. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:247-263.

Paunio, K., Mäkinen, K.K., Scheinin, A. and Ylitalo K. 1975. Turku sugar studies. IX. Principal periodontal findings. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:217-222.

Scheinin, A., Mäkinen, K.K., Tammisalo, E. and Rekola, M. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XVIII. Incidence of dental caries in relation to 1-year consumption of xylitol chewing gum. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:307-316

Scheinin, A., Mäkinen, K.K. and Ylitalo, K. 1975. Turku sugar studies. V. Final report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the caries incidence in man. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:67-104.

Söderling, E., Rekola, M., Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1975. Turku sugar studies. XXI. Xylitol-, sorbitol-, fructose- and sucrose-induced physico-chemical changes in saliva. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Suppl. 70, 33:337-343.
 

1976

Mäkinen, K.K. and Rekola, M. 1976. Xylitol-binding in dental plaque. Journal of Dental Research 55:900-904.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1976. Xylitol: a therapeutic and caries-inhibitory natural carbohydrate. New Mexico Dental Journal 26:13 and 22.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1976. Xylitol: The sugar that prevents tooth decay. The Futurist (Bethesda, Maryland) pp.135-139.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1976. Dental aspects of the consumption of xylitol and fructose diets. International Dental Journal 26:14-28.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1976. Possible mechanisms for the cariostatic effects of xylitol. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research Suppl. 15, 368-379.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1976. Long-term tolerance of healthy human subjects to high amounts of xylitol and fructose: General and biochemical findings. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research Suppl. 15, 92-103.

Mäkinen, K.K., Tenovuo, J. and Scheinin, A. 1976. Xylitol-induced increase of lactoperoxidase activity. Journal of Dental Research 55:652-660.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1976. Microbial growth and metabolism in plaque in the presence of sugar alcohols. Proceedings "Microbial Aspects in Dental Caries". Eds. Stiles, Loesche and O'Brien. Sp. Suppl. Microbiology Abstracts Vol. 11: 521-538.
 

1977

Bird, J.L., Baum, B.J., Mäkinen, K.K. Bowen, W.H., Dalgard, D. and Fitzgerald, G.F. 1977. Xylitol associated changes in amylase and protein content of monkey parotid saliva. Journal of Nutrition 107:1763-1767.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1977. Xylitol, a sugar against dental decay. Dragoco Bericht (in German), 22: 76-83. Also published in English, French, Italian and Spanish. Also in Die Ernährungsdienst 12: 11-13.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1977. Etudes de Turku sur les sucres. (Conference prononcee lors du Congres Dentaire Francaise, 4 decembre 1976). Le Chirurgien-Dentiste de France. Also published in Polish (Ozasopismo Stomatologiczne XXX 6:481-489.)

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1977. Turku Zuckerstudien. Deutsche Zahnärtzliches Zeitschrift Suppl. I 32:576-583.

Rekola M. and Scheinin, A. 1977. Quantification of dental plaque through planimetric analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 85:51-55.
 

1978

Harjola, U. and Liesmaa, H. 1978. Effects of polyol and sucrose candies on plaque, gingivitis and lactobacillius index scores. Observations on Helsinki school children. Acta Odontologica Scandinavia 36:237-242.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1078. Setting criteria for appropriateness of various  carbohydrate sweeteners. In "Health and Sugar Substitutes" (ed. by Guggenheim, B.). Karger, Basel, pp. 247-252.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1978. Sugar alcohols in animal and human nutrition. In "Health and Sugar Substitutes" (ed. by Guggenheim, B.). Karger, Basel, pp. 103-108.

Mäkinen, K.K, Bowen, W.H. Dalgard, D. and Fitzgerald, G. 1978. Effect of peroral administration of xylitol on exocrine secretions of monkeys. Journal of Nutrition 108:779-789.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1978. Principles of the use of xylitol in medicine and nutrition with special consideration of dental aspects. Experientia Suppl.30:1-160.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1978. The use of xylitol in nutritional and medical research with special reference to dental caries. Proceedings "Sweeteners and Dental Caries". Eds. Shaw, J.H. and Roussos, G.G. Sp. Suppl. Feeding, Weight and Obesity Abstracts, 193-224.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1978. Biochemical findings in exocrine secretions in relation to peroral administration of xylitol. In "Xylitol" (ed. by Counsell, J.N.). Applied Science Publishers Ltd.(Barking, England), Chapter 6.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Virtanen, K.K. 1978. Effect of 4.5-year use of xylitol and sorbitol on plaque. Journal of Dental Research 57: 441-446.

Mäkinen, K.K., Söderling, E., Mäkinen, P.-L. and Tenovuo, J.1978. Effect of peroral administration of xylitol on the oxidoreductase activity of human blood cells and certain chemical properties of saliva and serum. International Journal of Vitamin Nutrition Research 48:405-410.

Scheinin, A. 1978. Clinical trials on sugar substitutes. In "Health and Sugar Substitutes" (ed. by Guggenheim, B.). Karger, Basel, pp. 241-246.
 

1979

Ainamo, J., Asikainen, S., Ainamo A., Lahtinen, A., Sjöblom, M. 1979.

Plaque growth while chewing sorbitol and xylitol simultaneously with sucrose flavored gum. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 6:397-406.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1979. Ksylitolin terveydelliset vaikutukset (The health effects of xylitol). For a Finnish encyclopedia (Areena), pp.129-138.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1979. Effect of xylitol and oral health. Advances in Food Research Vol. 25:137-158.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1979. Über die Möglichkeiten, die chemische Wirksamkeit der Abwehrsysteme oraler Wirtsorganismen durch die Anwendung von Xylit zuerhohen. Kariesprophylaxe 1:131-136.

Ylikahri, R. 1979. Metabolic and nutritional aspects of xylitol. In "Advances  in food research" (ed. by Chichester, C.O.). Academic Press, New York. Vol 25:159-180.
 

1980

Mäkinen, K.K. 1980. Comparison between xylitol and glucose in a peroral feeding study in rats with special consideration of exocrine gland and gut wall biochemistry. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 50:84-91.

Mäkinen, K.K., Kölling, D. and Söderling, E. 1980. Exocrine gland enzyme levels after peroral administration of xylitol and sorbitol in the rat. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 50:79-83.

Mäkinen, K.K., Läikkö, I., Rekola, M. and Scheinin, A. 1980. Die Wirkung von Xylit und Sorbit auf die Biochemie der Plaque. Kariesprophylaxe 3:103-113.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Söderling, E. 1980. A quantitative study of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol and xylose in Finnish wild berries and commercial fruits from other countries. Journal of Food Science 45:367-374.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Tenovuo, J. 1980. Effect of peroral administration of xylitol on human milk. Nutrition Reports International 22:793-800.

Rekola, M., Läikkö, I., Anttonen, H., Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1980. Die Wirkung von Xylit- und sorbithaltiger Kaugummis auf Plaque und Speichel.Teil I: Klinische Aspekte. Kariesprophylaxe 2:21-27.
 

1981

Hämäläinen, M. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1981. Metabolism of perorally administered xylitol in rat tissues. Journal of Nutrition 111:107-122.

Mäkinen, K.K., Hämäläinen, M., Tuori, M. and Poutainen, E. 1981. A polyol mixture in the diet of dairy cows. Nutrition Reports International 23:1077-1087.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Knuuttila, M.L.E. 1981. Extracellular hydrolase activity of the cells of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans isolated from man and grown on glucose or xylitol. Archives of Oral Biology 26:899-904.

Mäkinen, K.K., Kölling, D. and Mäkinen, P.-L. 1981. The effect of high oral dosage of xylitol and sucrose on the biochemical properties of whole saliva in human volunteers after long-term regular consumption of xylitol. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 77:262-270.

Mäkinen, K.K., Näsi, M. and Alaviuhkola, T. 1981. On the chemical composition of sow milk during polyol feeding. Nutrition Reports International 23:793-797.

Mäkinen, K.K., Mäkinen, P.-L., Ylikahri, R., Söderling, E. and Hämäläinen, M. 1981. Turku sugar studies. XXIII. Comparison of metabolic tolerance in human volunteers to high oral doses of xylitol and sucrose after long-term regular consumption of xylitol. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research Suppl. 22 pp. 29-51.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Söderling, E. 1981. Effect of xylitol on some food-spoilage microorganisms. Journal of Food Science 46:950-951.

Mäkinen, K.K., Ylikahri, R., Söderling, E., Mäkinen, P.-L. and Scheinin, A. 1981. Turku sugar studies. XXII. A re-examination of the subjects. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research suppl. 22 pp 9-28.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1981. Approaches to Food Modification: Xylitol. In Foods, Nutrition and Dental Health (Hefferren, J.J. and Koehler, H.M., ed.), Pathotox Publishers, Park Forest South, III., Vol.I, pp. 83-96.

Pakkala, U., Liesmaa, H. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1981. The use of xylitol in the control of oral hygiene in mentally retarded children. A clinical and biochemical study. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 77:271-277. Also published in Tidskrift for Tandlaeger 1:15-20, 1981, in Danish.

Rekola, M. 1981. Comparative effects of xylitol-and sucrose-sweetened chew tablets and chewing gums on plaque quantity. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 89:393-399.

Tenovuo, J., Mielityinen, H., Paunio, K. 1981. The effect of dental plaque grown in the presence of xylitol or sucrose on bone resorption in vitro. Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry 6:35-43.

Virtanen, K. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1981. Effect of peroral administration of xylitol on the structure of the palatal mucosa, submandibular glands and the duodenum wall. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 77:228-231.
 

1982

Mäkinen, K.K. and Scheinin, A. 1982. Xylitol and dental caries. Annual Review of Nutrition 2:133-150.

Rekola, M. 1982. A. comparison of the effects of xylitol and sorbitol sweetened chewing gums on dental plaque. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 78:128-133.

Scheinin, A. 1982. Sucrose substitutes. In "Pediatric dentistry, scientific foundations and clinical practice", ed. by Stewart, R.E., Barber, T.K., Troutman, K.C., Wei, S.H.Y.C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, Missouri. P.p. 590-597.
 

1983

Hurttia, H., Multanen, V.-M., Mäkinen, K.K., J. and Paunio, K. 1983. Effects on oral health of xylitol-, sodium cyclamate- and sucrose-sweetened mouth rinses in the absence of oral hygiene. III. Composition and bone resorbing potential of dental plaque. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 80:20-27.

Hyvönen, L. and Törmä, R. 1983. Examination of sugars, sugar alcohols, and artificial sweeteners as substitutes for sucrose in strawberry jam. Keeping quality tests. Journal of Food Science 48:186-192.

Hämäläinen, M. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1983. Effect of peroral xylitol on the concentration levels of fats and electrolytes in rat tissues. Nutrition Research 3:497-510.

Hämäläinen, M. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1983. Peroral xylitol increases the concentration levels of tissue iron in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 50:109-112.

Mäkinen, K.K., Söderling, E. and Kölling, D. 1983. Secretory activity of salivary gland slices in the presence of polyols. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 79:218-223.

Mielityinen, H., Tenovuo, J., Söderling, E., Paunio, K. 1983. Effect of xylitol and sucrose plaque on release of lysosomal enzymes from bones and macrophages in vitro. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 41:173-180.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1983. Xylitol - a procedure of caries prophylaxis for the new generation. Revista Brasileira de Odontologia 15: 4-50. The same in Portuguese in the above issue (15: 20-33).

Tuompo, H., Meurman, J.H., Lounatmaa, K. and Linkola, J. 1983. Effect of xylitol and other carbon sources on the cell wall of Streptococcus mutans. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 91: 17-25.
 

1984

Luostarinen, V., Mäkinen, K.K. and Mäkinen, P.-L. 1984. Effects on oral health of xylitol-, sodium cyclamate- and sucrose-sweetened mouth rinses in the absence of oral hygiene. V. Response of hamster cheek pouch microcirculation to dental plaque. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 80:35-39.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1984. Effect of long-term, peroral administration of sugar alcohols on man. Swedish Dental Journal 8:113-124.

Mäkinen, K.K., Hurttia, H., Mäkinen, P.-L. and Paunio, K. 1984. Effects on oral health of xylitol-, sodium cyclamate- and sucrose-sweetened mouthrinses in the absence of oral hygiene. II. Free amino acid composition of human crevicular fluid in relation to simultaneous neglect of oral hygiene and use of sucrose, xylitol and sodium cyclamate mouthrinses. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 8:13-19.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Söderling, E. 1984. Solubility of calcium salts, enamel and hydroxyapatite in aqueous solutions of simple carbohydrates. Calcified Tissue International 36:64-74.

Mäkinen, K.K., Virtanen, K.K., Mäkinen, P.-L., Söderling, E., Neva, M., Sinisalo, T. and Kölling, D. 1984. Effect of single oral doses of sucrose and xylitol on human parotid saliva. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 80:186-200.

Paunio, K., Hurttia, H., Tenovuo, J., Mäkinen, K.K. and Tiekso, J. 1984. Effects on oral health of xylitol-, sodium cyclamate- and sucrose-sweetened mouth rinses in the absence of oral hygiene. I. Clinical findings and analysis of gingival exudate. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 80:3-12.

Salminen, E., Salminen, S., Porkka, L., Koivistoinen, P. 1984. The effects of xylitol on gastric emptying and secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in the rat. Journal Nutrition 114:2201-2203.

Tenovuo, J., Mäkinen, K.K. and Paunio, K. 1984. Effects on oral health of xylitol-, sodium cyclamate- and sucrose-sweetened mouth rinses in the absence of oral hygiene. IV. Analysis of whole saliva. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 80:23-34.
 

1985

Hämäläinen, M., Mäkinen, K.K., Parviainen, M. and Koskinen, T. 1985. Peroral xylitol increases intestinal calcium absorption in the rat independently from vitamin D action. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 11:178-181.

Hämäläinen, M. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1985. Duodenal xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) and ferroxidase activities in the rat in relation to the increased iron absorption caused by peroral xylitol. British Journal of Nutrition 54:493-498.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Hämäläinen, M. 1985. Metabolic effects in rats of high oral doses of galactitol, mannitol and xylitol. Journal of Nutrition 115:890-899.

Mäkinen, K.K., Söderling, E., Hurttia, H., Lehtonen O.-P. and Luukkala, E. 1985. Biochemical, microbiological and clinical comparisons between two dentifrices containing different mixtures of sugar alcohols (polyols). Journal of American Dental Association 111:745-751.

Mäkinen, K.K., Söderling, E., Hämäläinen M. and Antonen, P. 1985. Effect of long-term use of xylitol on dental plaque. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 81:28-35.

Mäkinen, K.K., Virtanen, K. Söderling, E. and Kotiranta, A. 1985. Effect of xylitol-, sucrose- and water-rinses on the composition of human palatine gland secretions. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 93:233-261.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1985. Effects of sugars and sugar alcohols on peroxidases. In "Chemistry and Biological Significance of the Lactoperoxidase System" (Pruitt, K. and Tenovuo, J., eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, Chapter 10, p.p. 203-215.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1985. New biochemical aspects of sweeteners. International Dental Journal 35:23-35.
 

1986

Hämäläinen, M.H. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1986. Alterations in electrolyte and iron metabolism in the rat in relation to peroral administration of galactitol, mannitol and xylitol. Journal of Nutrition 116:599-609.

Mykkänen, H.M. and Salminen, S.J. 1986. Effects of xylitol on the absorption of 203 Pb in mice and cockerels. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37:77-80.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Hämäläinen, M. 1986. Biochemical and morphological changes of the rat adrenal medulla induced by peroral xylitol. Archives of Toxicology 59:192-193.

Söderling, E. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1986. Aggregation of human salivary Ca-proteinates in the presence of simple carbohydrates in vitro. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 94:125-31.
 

1987

Hämäläinen, M. M. 1987. Organic aciduria in rats fed high amounts of xylitol or sorbitol. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 90:217-226.

Hämäläinen, M.M. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1987. Adrenal function of the rat in relation to peroral administration of xylitol: depression of aldosterone. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 130:687-693.

Isokangas, P. 1987. Xylitol chewing gum in caries prevention. A longitudinal study on Finnish school children. Thesis, Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 83:(I) 1-117.

Isokangas, P. 1987. Ksylitolipurukumi hampaiden reikiintymisen ehkäisijänä. Kuspi 26:40-43.

Isokangas, P. 1987. Ksylitolipurukumi kariespreventiossa. Pitkittäistutkimus suomalaisilla koululapsilla. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 83:285-288.

Mäkinen, K.K., Söderling, E. and Läikkö, I. 1987. Sugar alcohols (polyols) as "active" toothpaste ingredients. Oral Prophylaxe 9:115-120 (in German).

Söderling, E., Alaräisänen, L., Scheinin, A. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1987. Effect of xylitol and sorbitol on polysaccharide production by and adhesive properties of Streptococcus mutans. Caries Research 21:109-116.

Söderling, E., Talonpoika, J. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1987. Effect of xylitol-containing mixtures on acid and ammonia production in suspensions of salivary sediment. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 95:405-410.
 

1988

Isokangas, P., Alanen, P. Tiekso, J. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1988. Xylitol chewing gum in caries prevention: A field study in children at caries-active ages. Journal of the American Dental Association 117:315-320.

Isokangas, P. 1988. Ksylitolipurukumin pitkäaikaisvaikutukset karieksen ehkäisyssä. Terveyskeskushammaslääkäriyhdistyksen julkaisussa "Sokerit ja muut makeutusaineet" ss. 59-66.

Mäkinen, K.K. and Isokangas, P. 1988. Relationship between carbohydrate sweeteners and oral diseases. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science. 12:73-109.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1988. Sweeteners and prevention of dental caries with special reference to xylitol. Oral Health 78:57-66.
 

1989

Hämäläinen, M.M. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1989. Polyol-mineral interactions in the diet of the rat with special reference to the stabilities of polyol-metal complexes. Nutrition Research. 9:801-811.

Hämäläinen, M.M. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1989. Relationship between mineral metabolism and peroral consumption of sugar alcohols. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism. 15:346-352.

Isokangas, P., Tiekso, J., Alanen, P. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1989. Long-term effect of xylitol on dental caries. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 17:200-203.

Karjalainen, S., Hannula, P. Söderling, E. Hämäläinen, M., Mäkinen, K. and Scheinin, A. 1989. Sucrose consumption and salivary sucrase activity in a 2-year longitudinal study. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research. 97:401-404.

Knuuttila, M., Svanberg, M. and Hämäläinen, M. 1989. Alterations in rat bone composition related to polyol supplementation of the diet. Bone and Mineral 6:25-31.

Mäkinen, K.K., Söderling, E., Isokangas, P., Tenovuo, J. and Tiekso, J. 1989. Oral biochemical status and depression of Streptococcus mutans in children during 24- to 36-month use of xylitol chewing gum. Caries Research. 23:261-267.

Mäkinen, K.K., Söderling, E., Peacor, D.R. Mäkinen, P.-L. and Park, L. M. 1989. Carbohydrate-controlled precipitation of apatite with coprecipitation of organic molecules in human saliva: Stabilizing role of polyols. Calcified Tissue International 44:258-268.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1989. Latest dental studies on xylitol and mechanisms of action of xylitol in caries limitation. In: "Progress in Sweeteners", ed. by Grenby,T.H., Elsevier, New York. Chapter 13, pp. 331-362.

Pihlanto-Leppälä, A., Söderling, E. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1989. Uptake of ¹⁴C-xylitol by xylitol-cultured Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 27352 and Streptococcus mitis ATCC 36249 in vitro. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society. 85:423-428.

Söderling, E., Mäkinen, K.K., Chen, C.-Y., Pape, H.R., Jr., Loesche, W. and Mäkinen, P.-L. 1989. Effect of sorbitol, xylitol, and xylitol/sorbitol chewing gums on dental plaque. Caries Research. 23:378-384.

Söderling, E., Mäkinen, K. K., Chen, C.Y., Pape Jr., H. R., Loesche, W. and Mäkinen, P.-L. 1989. Effect of sorbitol, xylitol, and xylitol/sorbitol chewing gums on dental plaque. Caries Research 23:378-384.

Söderling, E. and Pihlanto-Leppälä, A. 1989. Uptake and expulsion of ¹⁴C-xylitol by xylitol-cultured Streptococcus ATCC 25175 in vitro. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 17:511-519.
 

1990

Pihlanto-Leppälä, A., Söderling, E. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1990. Expulsion mechanism of xylitol 5-phosphate in Streptococcus mutans. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research. 98:112-119.
 

1991

Isokangas, P., Tenovuo, J., Söderling, E., Männistö, H. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1991. Dental caries and mutans streptococci in the proximal areas of molars affected by the habitual use of xylitol chewing gum. Caries Research. 25:444-448.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1991. Dietary prevention of dental caries by xylitol - clinical effectiveness and safety. The Journal of Applied Nutrition. 44:16-28.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1991. Prevention of dental caries by xylitol. Effect of single-component modification of diet on the incidence of dental caries in man. Environmental Management and Health. 2:6-11.

Söderling, E., Isokangas, P., Tenovuo, J., Mustakallio, S. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1991. Long-term xylitol consumption and mutans streptococci in plaque and saliva. Caries Research. 25:153-157.

Söderling, E. and Scheinin, A. 1991. Perspectives on xylitol-induced oral effects. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 87: 217-229.
 

1992

Isokangas, P., Mäkinen, K., Tiekso, J. and Alanen, P. 1992. Ksylitolipurukumin pitkäaikaisvaikutus kariespreventiossa. Suomen Hammaslääkärilehti XXXIX:199-202.

Knuuttila, M. and Svanberg, M. 1992. Preventive effect of xylitol on bone Ca in ovari-ectomized rats. Connective Tissue Research 27: 176.

Masalin, K. 1992. Caries-risk-reducing effects of xylitol-containing chewing gum and tablets in confectionery workers in Finland. Community Dental Health 9:3-10.

Nuuja, T., Meurman, J.H., Murtomaa, H., Kortelainen, S., Metteri, J. 1992. The effect of a combination of chlorhexidine diacetate, sodium fluoride and xylitol on plaque wet weight and periodontal index scores in Military Academy cadets refraining from mechanical tooth cleaning for 7-day experimental periods. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29:73-76.

Tenovuo, J. and Söderling, E. 1992. Chemical aids in the prevention of dental diseases in the elderly. International Dental Journal 42: 335-364.

Trahan, L., Söderling, E., Dreán, M.-F., Chevrier, M.-C. and Isokangas, P. 1992. Effect of xylitol consumption on the plaque-saliva distribution of mutans streptococci and the occurrence and long-term survival of xylitol-resistant strains. Journal of Dental Reserach 71:1785-1791.
 

1993

Isokangas, P. 1993. Ksylitoli suun terveydenhuollossa. Julkaisussa "Profylaksian kannattavuus lasten ja nuorten hammashuollossa", toim. Eeva Widström, Heikki Murtomaa, STAKES, Raportti 97.

Isokangas, P., Isotupa, K. ja Mäkinen, K. 1993. Huomioita ksylitolipurukumin mainonnasta. Suomen Hammaslääkärilehti XL:747.

Isokangas, P., Mäkinen, K.K., Tiekso, J. and Alanen, P. 1993. Long-term effect of xylitol chewing gum in the prevention of dental caries: A follow-up five years after termination of a prevention program. Caries Research. 27:495-498.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1993. Prevention of dental caries with xylitol — A potential dietary procedure for self-care and population-level use in young adults. Journal of American College Health. 41(4):172-180.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1993. Prevention of dental caries by xylitol – issues relating to health claims. In "America's Foods Health Messages and Claims: Scientific, Regulatory, and Legal Issues," ed. by Tillotson, J.E., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Chapter 12, pp. 167-192.

Scheinin, A., Söderling, E., Scheinin, U., Glass, R. L. and Kallio, M.-L. 1993. Xylitol induced changes of enamel microhardness paralleled by microradiographic observations. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 51: 241-246.

Svanberg, M. and Knuuttila, M. 1993. The effect of dietary xylitol on recalcifying and newly formed cortical long bones in rats. Calcified Tissue International 53:135-138.

Svanberg, M., Knuuttila ,M. and Hämäläinen, M. 1993. Citric acid concentration compared to serum parathyroid hormone, 1,25(OH)₂D₃ and calcitonin during dietary Ca deficiency and rehabilitation enhanced with xylitol rats. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 19:103-108.
 

1994

Hujoel, P.P, Isokangs, P.J., Tiekso, J., Davis, S., Alexander, R., Lamont, R., DeRouen, T. A. and Mäkinen, K. K. 1994. The analysis of caries rates using Poisson regression models – A reanalysis of a preventive trial. Journal of Dental Research. 73(2):573-579.

Isokangas, P. 1994. Ksylitolin käyttö kouluikäisten kariespreventiossa. Julkaisussa "Fiksu Tapa – valtakunnallinen terveyskasvatustapahtuma", ISBN 951-47-9605-5, Helsinki:4-16, STAKES.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1994. Sugar alcohols. In "Functional Foods," ed. by Israel Goldberg, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Chapter 11. pp 219-241.

Pape, H.J., Jr. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1994. Verification and maintenance of dental explorer sharpness. Operative Dentistry. 19:221-223.

Svanberg, M. and Knuuttila, M. 1994. Dietary xylitol retards bone resorption in rats. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolim 20:153-157.

Svanberg, M. and Knuuttila, M. 1994. Dietary xylitol prevents ovariectomy induced changes of bone inorganic fraction in rats. Bone and Mineral 26:81-88.
 

1995

Alanen, P. and Isokangas, P. 1995. Uusi ksylitolin kenttätutkimus käynnissä Virossa. Suomen Hammaslääkärilehti N.s. Vol II:1222-1224.

Isotupa, K.P., Gunn, S., Chen, C.-Y., Lopatin, D. and Mäkinen, K.K. 1995. Effect of polyol gums on dental plaque in orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 107:497-504.

Kontiokari, T., Uhari, M. and Koskela, M. 1995. Effect of xylitol on growth of naso-pharyngeal bacteria in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 39: 1820-1823.

Mattila, P., Svanberg, M. and Knuuttila, M. 1995. Diminished bone resorption after xylitol administration: A dose-response study. Calcified Tissue International 56: 232-235.

Merikallio, T. and Söderling, E. 1995. Xylitol as a plaque-control agent in military conditions. Military Medicine 160: 256-258.

Mäkinen, K.K., Allen, P., Bennett C.A., Isokangas, P.J., Isotupa, K.P., Mäkinen, P.-L. and Pape, H.R. Jr. 1995. Stabilisation of rampant caries: polyol gums and arrest of dentine caries in two long-term cohort studies in young subjects. International Dental Journal. 45:93-107.

Mäkinen, K.K. Bennett, C.A., Hujoel, P.P., Isokangas, P.J., Isotupa, K.P., Pape, H.R., Jr. and Mäkinen, P.-L. 1995. Xylitol chewing gums and caries rates: A 40-month cohort study. Journal of Dental Research. 74:1904-1913.

Mäkinen, K.K., Pemberton, D., Cole, J., Mäkinen, P.-L., Chen, C.-Y. and Lambert, P. 1995. Saliva stimulants and the oral health of geriatric patients. Advances in Dental Research. 9:125-126.

Tjäderhane, L., Hietala, E.-L., Svanberg, M. and Larmas, M. 1995. Morphological analysis of dentine formation in young rat molars during the recovery phase with calcium alone or combined with xylitol following a low-calcium dietary regimen. Archives of Oral Biology 40:707-711.
 

1996

Honkala, E., Rimpelä, A., Karvonen, S. and Rimpelä M. 1996. Chewing of xylitol gum – a well adopted practice among finnish adoolescents. Caries Research 30:34-39.

Hujoel, P.P., Mäkinen, K.K., Bennett, C.A., Isokangas, P.J., Isotupa, K.P., Pape, H.R., Jr., Lamont, R.J., DeRouen, T.A. and Davis, S. 1996. Do caries explorers transmit infections within persons? – an evaluation of second molar caries onsets. Caries Research. 29:461-466.

Mattila, P.T., Svanberg, M.J., Mäkinen, K.K. and Knuuttila, M.L.E. 1996. Dietary xylitol, sorbitol and D-mannitol but not erythritol retard bone resorption in rats. Journal of Nutrition. 126:1865-1870.

Mäkinen, K.K., Chen, C.-Y., Mäkinen, P.-L., Bennett, C.A., Isokangas, P.J., Isotupa, K.P. and Pape, H.R., Jr. 1996. Properties of whole saliva and dental plaque in relation to 40-month consumption of chewing-gums containing xylitol, sorbitol, or sucrose. Caries Research. 30:180-188.

Mäkinen, K.K., Mäkinen, P.-L., Pape, H.R., Jr., Peldyak, J., Hujoel, P., Isotupa, K.P., Söderling, E., Isokangas, P.J., Allen, P. and Bennett, C.A. 1996. Conclusion and review of the "Michigan Xylitol Programme" (1986-1995) for prevention of Dental Caries. International Dental Journal. 46:22-34.

Mäkinen, K.K., Hujoel, P.P., Bennett, C.A., Isotupa, K.P., Mäkinen, P.-L. and Allen, P. 1996. Polyol chewing gums and caries rates in primary dentition: a 24-month cohort study. Caries Research. 30:408-417.

Mäkinen, K.K., Pemberton, D., Mäkinen, P.-L., Chen, C.-Y., Cole, J., Hujoel, P.P., Lopatin, D. and Lambert, P. 1996. Polyol-combinant saliva stimulants and oral health in Veterans Affairs Patients – An exploratory study. Journal of Special Care in Dentistry. 16:104-115.

Mäkinen, K.K., Chen, C.-Y., Mäkinen, P.-L., Bennett C.A., Isokangas, P.J., Isotupa, K.P. and Pape,H.R., Jr. 1996. Properties of whole saliva and dental plaque in relation to 40-month consumption of chewing gums containing xylitol, sorbitol or sucrose. Caries Research 30:180-188.

Uhari, M., Kontiokari, T., Koskela, M. et al 1996. Xylitol chewing gum in prevention of acute otitis media: double blind randomised trial. British Medical Journal 313:1180-1184.

Virtanen, J.I., Bloigu, R.S. and Larmas, M.A. 1996. Timing of first restoration before, during, and after a preventive xylitol trial. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 54:211-216.
 

1997

Alanen, P. ja Isokangas, P. 1997. Ksylitolikaramelli ehkäisee kariesta yhtä hyvin kuin ksylitolipurukumi. Suomen Hammaslääkärilehti, N.s. Vol IV:2019-2023.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1997. History, safety, and dental properties of xylitol. In "Xylitol from A to Z", ed. by Mäkinen, K. K., Suzuki A. and Fukuda, M. TP Japan Press, Tokyo. (In Japanese.) Chapter 2, pp.10-23.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1997. Mechanism of the action of xylitol in caries prevention. In "Xylitol from A to Z", ed. by Mäkinen, K. K., Suzuki A. and Fukuda, M. TP Japan Press, Tokyo. (In Japanese.) Chapter 3, pp. 24-38.

Svanberg, M., Mattila, P. and Knuuttila, M. 1997. Dietary xylitol retards the ovariectomy-induced increase of bone turnover in rats. Calcified Tissue International 60:462-466.

Söderling, E., Trahan, L., Tammiala-Salonen, T.and Häkkinen, L. 1997. Xylitol and xylitol-sorbitol chewing gum vs. gum base-induced effects on the plaque of subjects with hihg numbers of xylitol-resistant mutans streptococci. European Journal of Oral Sciences 105: 170-177.
 

1998

Kontiokari, T., Uhari, M. and Koskela, M. 1998. Antiadhesive effects of xylitol on otopathogenic bacteria. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 41: 563-565.

Mattila, P.T., Knuuttila, M.L.E. and Svanberg, M.J. 1998. Dietary xylitol supplementation prevents osteoporotic changes in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Metabolism 47: 578-583.

Mattila, P.T., Svanberg, M.J. and Knuuttila, M.L.E. 1998. Dietary xylitol protects against osseal changes in experimental osteoporosis. In: Burchardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, eds. Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis. Springer: Heidelberg, Chapter 16, pp. 157-162.

Mäkinen, K.K., Olak, J., Russak, S., Saag, M., Seedre, T., Vasar, R., Vihalemm, T., Mikelsaar, M. and Mäkinen, P.-L. 1998. Polyol-combinant saliva stimulants: a 4-month pilot study in young adults. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 56:90-94.

Mäkinen, K.K., Chiego, D.J., Jr., Allen, P., Bennett, C., Isotupa, K.P., Tiekso, J. and Mäkinen, P.-L. 1998. Physical, chemical, and histologic changes in dentin caries lesions of primary teeth induced by regular use of polyol chewing gums. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 56:148-156.

Söderling, E., Trahan, L. and Lenander-Lumikari, M. 1998. Growth of xylitol-resistant versus xylitol-sensitive Streptococcus mutans strains in saliva. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 56: 116-121.

Uhari, M., Kontiokari, T. and Niemelä, M. 1998. A novel use of xylitol sugar in preventing acute otitis media. Pediatrics 102: 879-884.

Hujoel, P.P., Mäkinen, K.K., Bennett C. A., Isotupa K.P., Isokangas P.J. and Mäkinen P.-L. 1998. The Optimum Time to Initiate Habitual Xylitol Gum Chewing For Obtaining Long-term Caries Prevention. Journal of Dental Research. In Press.

Mattila, P., Svanberg, M., Pökkä, P. et al. 1998. Dietary xylitol protects against weakening of bone biomechanical properties in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Nutrition 128:1811-1814.

Mäkinen, K.K. 1998. Xylitol-based caries prevention: is there enough evidence for the existence of a specific xylitol effect? Oral Diseases. In press.
 

1999

Mattila, P., Knuuttila, M.L.E., Kovanen, V. et al. 1999. Improved bone bio-mechanical properties in rats after oral xylitol administration. Calcified Tissue International 00: 000. In press.